Effect of Feeding Albino Rats with Acha-Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato Blends on the Blood Glucose Level and Hematological Parameters
Asian Food Science Journal,
Page 42-53
DOI:
10.9734/afsj/2022/v21i930451
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the health and the physiological status of farm animals.
Study Design: We formulated seven (7) samples from ACHA and orange-fleshed sweet potato mixture with two (2) samples serving as control.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Federal University Wukari between February 2022 and May 2022.
Methodology: The orange fleshed sweet potato flour was mixed with ACHA flour separately at different proportions (100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25 and 0:100) while one hundred percent (100%) acha flour and orange-fleshed sweet potato was used as the control. Bone meal (10%), blood meal (10%) and salt (5%) were added to each sample. The albino rats were kept in a cage in five (5) segments, and the blends were fed to the rats for 21 days and 100g of the formulated feed were weighed into plates in each segment. The daily weight of the albino rats was measured. Evaluated bioassay parameters including feed and water intake, and body weight. Hematological properties including hemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell, mean cellular volume, mean cellular hemoglobin, and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration of the albino rats were also measured.
Results: The result of feed intake/weight gain revealed that the rats fed with 0% OFSP showed the highest values for 21 days. The kidney, liver and heart weight of the albino rats decreased from1.23 to 1.05, 5.65 to 2.65 and 1.28 to 0.23g, respectively, while the carcass increased from 104.55 to 111.55g upon OFSP substitution.
Conclusion: The result of this study revealed that locally available food commodities such as ACHA and orange fleshed sweet potato can be utilized to produce a protein-rich complementary food capable of combating malnutrition among children. A protein and carbohydrate-rich weaning food comparable to commercial weaning food (cerelac) can be strategically formulated from the blends of ACHA and orange-fleshed sweet potato (75:25).
Keywords:
- Feed Intake
- haematological properties
- orange-fleshed sweet potato
- rat study
- weight gain
How to Cite
Ayo, A. J., Ibrahim, A. N., & Luka, J. K. (2022). Effect of Feeding Albino Rats with Acha-Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato Blends on the Blood Glucose Level and Hematological Parameters. Asian Food Science Journal, 21(9), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.9734/afsj/2022/v21i930451
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Ndolo PJ, Nungo RA, Kapinga RE, Agili S. Development and promotion of orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties in Western Kenya. In Proceedings of the 13th ISTRC Symposium. 2007;689–695.
Van Jaarsveld PJ, Faber M, Tanumihardjo SA, Nestel P, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJS. Beta‐carotene‐rich orange‐fleshed sweet potato improves the vitamin A status of primary school children assessed with the modified‐relative‐dose‐response test. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(5):1080–1087.
Trancoso‐Reyes N, Ochoa‐Martínez LA, Bello‐Pérez LA, Morales‐Castro J, Estévez‐Santiago R, Olmedilla‐Alonso B. Effect of pre-treatment on physicochemical and structural properties, and the bioaccessibility of β-carotene in sweet potato flour. Food Chem. 2016;2016:199–205.
Julianti E, Rusmarilin H, Yusraini E. Functional and rheological properties of composite flour from sweet potato, maize, soybean and xanthan gum. J Saudi Soc Agri Sci. 2017;16(2):171–177.
Ziska LH, Runion GB, Tomecek M, Prior SA, Torbet HA, Sicher R. An evaluation of cassava, sweet potato and field corn as potential carbohydrate sources for bioethanol production in Alabama and Maryland. Biomass Bioenerg. 2009;33(11):1503–1508.
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Owade JO, Abong GO, Okoth MW. Production, Utilization and Nutritional Benefits of Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato (OFSP) Puree Bread: A Review. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2018;6(3):1-15.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.3.06
Neela S, Fanta, SW. Review on nutritional composition of orange-fleshed sweet potato and its role in management of vitamin A deficiency. FSN. 2019;7:1920–1945.
Khanam J, Mahdi S, Ahsan M, Sheikh NI. Orange fleshed sweet potato a nutrition sensitive functional food for possible dietary approach to vitamin A deficiency and undernutrition. N A J Adv Res. 2021; 12:645-651.
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Ayo JA, Ayo VA, Nkama I, Adeworie R. Physiochemical, Invitro Digestibility and Organoleptic Evaluation of Acha-wheat Biscuit Supplemented with Soybean flour. Niger. Food J. 2007;25(1):77-89
Sanjinez-Argandoña EJ, Cunha RL, Menegalli FC, Hubinger MD. Evaluation of total carotenoids and ascorbic acid in osmotic pretreated guavas during convective drying. Ita J Food Sci. 2005; 17(3):305-314.
Ayo JA, Gidado FE. Physiochemical, phytochemical and sensory evaluation of acha-carrot flour blends biscuit. Curr J Appl Sci Techn. 2018;25(5):1-15.
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Kachmar JF. Determination of haemoglobin by the cyanomethaemoglobin procedure. In: Tietz New Edition, Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, W. B. Sanders Company, Philadephia. 1970;268-269.
Ross JG, Christie G, Halliday WG, Jones K. Hematological and blood chemistry comparison values for clinical pathology in poultry. Vet Rec. 1978;102.
Villanueva-Suárez A, Redondo-Cuenca MD, Rodríguez-Sevilla FM, de las-Heras M. Characterization of non-starch polysaccharides content from different edible organs of some vegetables, determined by GC and HPLC: Comparative study. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(20):5950–5955.
Mermelstein, PG. Membrane-Localised Oestrogen Receptor α and β Influence Neuronal Activity through Activation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. J neuroendocrinology. 2009;7:162-187.
McWatters KH, Ouedrago JB, Resurreccion AVA, Hung YC, Phillips RD. Baking performance of wheat, fonio and cowpea flours. Abstract research programs on cowpeas. Dept. of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223; 2004.
Aysel O, Dale R, Gilbert L. Influence of a Liquid Diet and Meal Pattern on Body Weight and Body Fat in Rats. J Nutr. 1978;108(7):1128-36.
DOI: 10.1093/jn/108.7.1128.
Avondo M, Biondi L, Pagano RI, Bonanno A, Lutri L. Feed intake. Dairy Goats, Feeding and Nutrition. 2007;147-160.
Siberski–Cooper CJ, Mayes MS, Healey M, Goetz BM, Baumgard LH, Koltes JE. Associations of Wearable Sensor Measures with Feed Intake, Production Traits, Lactation, and Environmental Parameters Impacting Feed Efficiency in Dairy Cattle. Front. Anim. Sci. 2022; 3:841797.
DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.841797
Eliassen AH. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. JAMA. 2006;296(2):93-201.
Ayo JA, Ikuomola DS, Sanni TA, Esan YO, Ayo VA, Ajayi G. Evaluation of nutritional quality of soyabean-Acha composite biscuits. Niger Food J. 2010;28(2):42-49.
Folio3, What Are Some Factors That Effect FCR; 2021.
Available:https://animalcare.folio3.com/feed-conversion-ratio/#:~:text=Feed%20Conversion%20 Ratios%20are%20important,the%20profitability%20of%20his%20business.
Ijarotimi OS, Keshinro OO. Determination of nutrient composition and protein quality of potential complementary foods formulated from the combination of fermented popcorn, African locust and bambara groundnut seed flour. Polish J Food Nutr Sci. 2013;63(3):155–166.
Osundahunsi OF, Aworh OC. Nutritional evaluation, with emphasis on protein quality, of maize-based complementary foods enriched with soya bean and cowpea tempe. Int J Food Sci. 2003; 38(7):809–813.
Onigemo MA, Dairo FAS, Oso YAA, Onigemo HA. Growth, hematology and serum biochemistry of albino rat fed diet containing raw and thermally processed Loofah Gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem) seed meals. Niger J Anim Prod. 2020;47(4): 200 – 209.
Sandu MM, Protasiewicz DC, Firănescu AG, Lăcătușu EC, Bîcu ML, Moța M. Data regarding the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. Romanian J Diabetes Nut. Metabolic. Dis. 2016;23:95-103.
Merck Manual. Haematologic reference ranges. Mareck Veterinary Manual; 2012.
Accessed April 20th 2022.
Available:http://www.merckmanuals.com/
Mitruka BM, Rawnsley HM. Clinical biochemical and haematological reference values in normal experimental animals USA: Masson Publishing Inc; 1977.
Anonymous. Guide to the care and use of experimental animal (Canadian Council of Animal Care, Ottawa Ontario, Canada. 1980;1:185-190.
Aljohani EN, Abduljawad SH. Efficacy of Moringa Oleifera Leaf supplementation for enhanced growth performance, hematology and serum biochemistry of Rabbits. Food Sci Nutr. 2018;9(11):1–15.
Poole TB. The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and other research Animals (6th ed.). Universities Foundation for Animal Welfare, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, U.K.; 1987.
Soetan KO, Akinrinde AS, Ajibade TO. Preliminary studies on the haematological parameters of cockerels fed raw and processed guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) Proceedings of 38th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production. 2013;49-52.
Iwuji TC, Herbert U. Haematological and serum biochemical characteristics of rabbit bucks fed diets containing garcimiola kola seed meal Proceedings of 37th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production. 2012;87-89.
Chineke CA, Ologun AG, Ikeobi CON. Haematological parameters in rabbit breeds and crosses in humid tropics. Pak J Biol Sci. 2006;9(11):2102-2106.
Ugwuene MC. Effect of Dietary Palm Kernel Meal for Maize on the Haematological and Serum Chemistry of Broiler Turkey. NJAS. 2011;13:93-103.
Peters SO, Gunn HH, Imumorin IG, Agaviezor BO, Ikeobi CO. Haematological studies on frizzled and naked neck genotypes of Nigerian native chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2011;43(3): 631638.
Radostits OM, Blood DC, Gay CC. Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of disease of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses (8th ed.). W B Saunders Co; 1994.
Chukwu O, Abdul-kadir AJ. Proximate chemical composition of acha (Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua) grains. J Food Techn. 2008;6:214-216.
National Research Council (NRC). National Science Education Standards. Washington DC: The National Academy Press; 1996.
Ayo JA, Nkama I. Effects of acha (Digitaria exilis Staph) grain flour on the physical sensory quality of biscuit. J Nutr Food Sci. 2003;33(3):125-135.
(FAOSTAT) Food Agriculture and Organization (FAOSTAT); 2016.
Accessed May 14th 2022.
Available:http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
OCED-FAO. OECD‐FAO agricultural outlook 2016–2025; 2016.
Accessed May 10th 2022.
Ahn YO, Kim SH, Kim CY, Lee JS, Kwak SS, Lee HS. Exogenous sucrose utilization and starch biosynthesis among sweet potato cultivars. Carbohydr Res. 2010;345(1):55–60.
Ndolo PJ, Nungo RA, Kapinga RE, Agili S. Development and promotion of orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties in Western Kenya. In Proceedings of the 13th ISTRC Symposium. 2007;689–695.
Van Jaarsveld PJ, Faber M, Tanumihardjo SA, Nestel P, Lombard CJ, Benadé AJS. Beta‐carotene‐rich orange‐fleshed sweet potato improves the vitamin A status of primary school children assessed with the modified‐relative‐dose‐response test. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(5):1080–1087.
Trancoso‐Reyes N, Ochoa‐Martínez LA, Bello‐Pérez LA, Morales‐Castro J, Estévez‐Santiago R, Olmedilla‐Alonso B. Effect of pre-treatment on physicochemical and structural properties, and the bioaccessibility of β-carotene in sweet potato flour. Food Chem. 2016;2016:199–205.
Julianti E, Rusmarilin H, Yusraini E. Functional and rheological properties of composite flour from sweet potato, maize, soybean and xanthan gum. J Saudi Soc Agri Sci. 2017;16(2):171–177.
Ziska LH, Runion GB, Tomecek M, Prior SA, Torbet HA, Sicher R. An evaluation of cassava, sweet potato and field corn as potential carbohydrate sources for bioethanol production in Alabama and Maryland. Biomass Bioenerg. 2009;33(11):1503–1508.
Tairo F, Mukasa SB, Jones RAC, Kullaya A, Rubaihayo PR, Valkonen JPT. Unravelling the genetic diversity of the three main viruses involved in sweet potato virus disease (SPVD), and its practical implications. Mol Plant Pathol. 2005;6(2): 199–211.
TAAT Clearinghouse. Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato: Technology Toolkit Catalog. Clearinghouse Technical Report Series 005, Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation, Clearinghouse Office, Cotonou, Benin. 2020;21.
Mitra S. Nutritional Status of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes in Alleviating Vitamin A Malnutrition through a Food-Based Approach. Nutr Food Sci. 2012; 02:1-14.
Owade JO, Abong GO, Okoth MW. Production, Utilization and Nutritional Benefits of Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato (OFSP) Puree Bread: A Review. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 2018;6(3):1-15.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.3.06
Neela S, Fanta, SW. Review on nutritional composition of orange-fleshed sweet potato and its role in management of vitamin A deficiency. FSN. 2019;7:1920–1945.
Khanam J, Mahdi S, Ahsan M, Sheikh NI. Orange fleshed sweet potato a nutrition sensitive functional food for possible dietary approach to vitamin A deficiency and undernutrition. N A J Adv Res. 2021; 12:645-651.
DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.3.0520.
Ayo JA, Ayo VA, Nkama I, Adeworie R. Physiochemical, Invitro Digestibility and Organoleptic Evaluation of Acha-wheat Biscuit Supplemented with Soybean flour. Niger. Food J. 2007;25(1):77-89
Sanjinez-Argandoña EJ, Cunha RL, Menegalli FC, Hubinger MD. Evaluation of total carotenoids and ascorbic acid in osmotic pretreated guavas during convective drying. Ita J Food Sci. 2005; 17(3):305-314.
Ayo JA, Gidado FE. Physiochemical, phytochemical and sensory evaluation of acha-carrot flour blends biscuit. Curr J Appl Sci Techn. 2018;25(5):1-15.
AOAC. Official Method of Analysis. 19th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC., USA; 2012.
Coles EH. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, fourth edition, WB. Saunders Co. Philadelphia; 1986.
Kachmar JF. Determination of haemoglobin by the cyanomethaemoglobin procedure. In: Tietz New Edition, Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, W. B. Sanders Company, Philadephia. 1970;268-269.
Ross JG, Christie G, Halliday WG, Jones K. Hematological and blood chemistry comparison values for clinical pathology in poultry. Vet Rec. 1978;102.
Villanueva-Suárez A, Redondo-Cuenca MD, Rodríguez-Sevilla FM, de las-Heras M. Characterization of non-starch polysaccharides content from different edible organs of some vegetables, determined by GC and HPLC: Comparative study. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(20):5950–5955.
Mermelstein, PG. Membrane-Localised Oestrogen Receptor α and β Influence Neuronal Activity through Activation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. J neuroendocrinology. 2009;7:162-187.
McWatters KH, Ouedrago JB, Resurreccion AVA, Hung YC, Phillips RD. Baking performance of wheat, fonio and cowpea flours. Abstract research programs on cowpeas. Dept. of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223; 2004.
Aysel O, Dale R, Gilbert L. Influence of a Liquid Diet and Meal Pattern on Body Weight and Body Fat in Rats. J Nutr. 1978;108(7):1128-36.
DOI: 10.1093/jn/108.7.1128.
Avondo M, Biondi L, Pagano RI, Bonanno A, Lutri L. Feed intake. Dairy Goats, Feeding and Nutrition. 2007;147-160.
Siberski–Cooper CJ, Mayes MS, Healey M, Goetz BM, Baumgard LH, Koltes JE. Associations of Wearable Sensor Measures with Feed Intake, Production Traits, Lactation, and Environmental Parameters Impacting Feed Efficiency in Dairy Cattle. Front. Anim. Sci. 2022; 3:841797.
DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.841797
Eliassen AH. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. JAMA. 2006;296(2):93-201.
Ayo JA, Ikuomola DS, Sanni TA, Esan YO, Ayo VA, Ajayi G. Evaluation of nutritional quality of soyabean-Acha composite biscuits. Niger Food J. 2010;28(2):42-49.
Folio3, What Are Some Factors That Effect FCR; 2021.
Available:https://animalcare.folio3.com/feed-conversion-ratio/#:~:text=Feed%20Conversion%20 Ratios%20are%20important,the%20profitability%20of%20his%20business.
Ijarotimi OS, Keshinro OO. Determination of nutrient composition and protein quality of potential complementary foods formulated from the combination of fermented popcorn, African locust and bambara groundnut seed flour. Polish J Food Nutr Sci. 2013;63(3):155–166.
Osundahunsi OF, Aworh OC. Nutritional evaluation, with emphasis on protein quality, of maize-based complementary foods enriched with soya bean and cowpea tempe. Int J Food Sci. 2003; 38(7):809–813.
Onigemo MA, Dairo FAS, Oso YAA, Onigemo HA. Growth, hematology and serum biochemistry of albino rat fed diet containing raw and thermally processed Loofah Gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem) seed meals. Niger J Anim Prod. 2020;47(4): 200 – 209.
Sandu MM, Protasiewicz DC, Firănescu AG, Lăcătușu EC, Bîcu ML, Moța M. Data regarding the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. Romanian J Diabetes Nut. Metabolic. Dis. 2016;23:95-103.
Merck Manual. Haematologic reference ranges. Mareck Veterinary Manual; 2012.
Accessed April 20th 2022.
Available:http://www.merckmanuals.com/
Mitruka BM, Rawnsley HM. Clinical biochemical and haematological reference values in normal experimental animals USA: Masson Publishing Inc; 1977.
Anonymous. Guide to the care and use of experimental animal (Canadian Council of Animal Care, Ottawa Ontario, Canada. 1980;1:185-190.
Aljohani EN, Abduljawad SH. Efficacy of Moringa Oleifera Leaf supplementation for enhanced growth performance, hematology and serum biochemistry of Rabbits. Food Sci Nutr. 2018;9(11):1–15.
Poole TB. The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and other research Animals (6th ed.). Universities Foundation for Animal Welfare, Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, U.K.; 1987.
Soetan KO, Akinrinde AS, Ajibade TO. Preliminary studies on the haematological parameters of cockerels fed raw and processed guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) Proceedings of 38th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production. 2013;49-52.
Iwuji TC, Herbert U. Haematological and serum biochemical characteristics of rabbit bucks fed diets containing garcimiola kola seed meal Proceedings of 37th Annual Conference of Nigerian Society for Animal Production. 2012;87-89.
Chineke CA, Ologun AG, Ikeobi CON. Haematological parameters in rabbit breeds and crosses in humid tropics. Pak J Biol Sci. 2006;9(11):2102-2106.
Ugwuene MC. Effect of Dietary Palm Kernel Meal for Maize on the Haematological and Serum Chemistry of Broiler Turkey. NJAS. 2011;13:93-103.
Peters SO, Gunn HH, Imumorin IG, Agaviezor BO, Ikeobi CO. Haematological studies on frizzled and naked neck genotypes of Nigerian native chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2011;43(3): 631638.
Radostits OM, Blood DC, Gay CC. Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of disease of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses (8th ed.). W B Saunders Co; 1994.
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